Additionally, participation in mass events inherently increases pathogen exposure, complicating the link to exercise itself. Importantly, data show that elite and highly trained athletes actually report fewer illness days than less trained peers, contradicting earlier assumptions.

Further scrutiny of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), a mucosal immune marker, also undermines the suppression theory. While some studies show brief reductions post-exercise, many report no meaningful changes or even increases in IgA secretion rate, with no consistent link to infection risk. Variability in IgA results is often influenced by oral health, circadian rhythms, and stress factors typically unaccounted for in earlier research.

The most robust counterargument comes from immune cell behavior. Although lymphocyte counts drop post-exercise, this reflects a strategic redeployment of immune cells to tissues, not suppression. Natural killer (NK) cells and memory T cells exit the bloodstream to enhance surveillance in areas like the lungs and gut. This response is considered beneficial, improving the immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate infected or abnormal cells.