As the demand for hygienic materials in consumer and biomedical products grows, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising additive for antimicrobial applications. ZnO exhibits potent antimicrobial properties and, when properly dispersed in materials like rubber, also improves mechanical performance. These dual benefits make ZnO particularly attractive for use in items such as mattresses, medical prosthetics, and silicone-based devices where both durability and cleanliness are essential.

ZnO’s antibacterial activity stems from its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), release Zn²⁺ ions, and physically disrupt microbial membranes through surface interactions (Jin & Jin, 2021). Research has shown that smaller, surface-modified ZnO particles, especially those coated onto calcium carbonate, demonstrate enhanced integration within natural rubber latex foams (NRLF).

These modified particles lead to 94% bacterial inhibition within just one hour and strengthen the foam by increasing crosslink density and thermal stability (Krainoi et al., 2023).

In silicone rubber applications, both modified and unmodified ZnO nanoparticles have demonstrated antimicrobial performance. However, modified ZnO composites consistently show superior mechanical properties, including better tensile strength, tear resistance, and hardness (Aysa et al., 2015).

Lower concentrations of ZnO are more effective, as higher amounts can lead to nanoparticle aggregation, weakening the rubber matrix and reducing performance. These studies support using ZnO not only for infection control but also as a structural enhancer when correctly formulated.

Taken together, these findings affirm ZnO nanoparticles as a multifunctional additive suitable for a range of hygienic and medical materials. By adjusting particle size, surface treatment, and concentration, researchers can tailor these composites to meet specific performance and safety standards without compromising on antimicrobial efficacy.